They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. This photo shows a team of two work horses hitched to a wagon with farm house visible in the background in Beltsville, Md., in 1935. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) When the government failed to provide relief, President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the intolerable economic and social conditions, so the shantytowns that cropped up became known as Hoovervilles. These camps came to be called Hoovervilles, after the president. Some squatted, either defying eviction and staying where they were, or finding shelter in one of the increasing number of vacant buildings. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. In his estimation, prosperity would return if people would simply help one another. The state described as 'absolute poverty' has been described as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information". It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Homeless people roamed the country looking for food and work. These communities of shacks or shanties were called Hoovervilles, after President Hoover, who refused to help the growing number of homeless. Longley, Robert. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. 01 of 10 First Quaker President Hoover was the son of a blacksmith, Jesse Clark Hoover, and a Quaker minister, Huldah Minthorn Hoover. Link will appear as Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, October 18, 2018. In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. Hoovervilles, or shantytowns, became a common sight. Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. Over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition had been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920. "; Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Credit was extended to many so that they could enjoy the new inventions of the day, such as washing machines, refrigerators and automobiles. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. [1] There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s.[2]. The term was coined by the publicity director of the Democratic National Committee in 1930. Hoovervilles began to disappear after the election of Franklin Roosevelt, whose New Deal promised to put the federal government into activist mode to try to end the Great Depression. The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? For example, newspapers used to shield the homeless from the cold were called Hoover blankets, while empty pants pockets pulled inside outdemonstrating no coins in ones pocketswere Hoover flags., When soles wore out of shoes, the cardboard used to replace them was dubbed Hoover leather, and cars pulled by horses because gas was an unaffordable luxury were called Hoover wagons.. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. The Great Depression rolled on, and people got caught in a vicious cycle. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. MacArthurs troops set fire to the Hooverville and drove the group from the city with bayonets and tear gas. Click to download the free sample version, Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the. According to Roy, there was tolerance and friendship among ethnic groups and nationalities because racial barriers did not exist. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials By the middle of 1941, Roosevelts New Deal programs had increased employment to the point that all but a few Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. Response from Health Department (May 23, 1935) He counted 639 residents in March of that year, all but seven of them men. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. No two Hoovervilles were quite alike, and the camps varied in population and size. Hoover's other problem was his own personality. The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and read more, The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. It became the most widespread crisis of the twentieth century, affecting several countries worldwide. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Each Hooverville was unique. Hoovervilles varied in size from a few hundred residents to thousands of people in larger cities like New York City, Washington, D.C., and Seattle, Washington. No two Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens. Shanty towns also appeared in or near other cities. Browse Catalog. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. Considered by many to be one of the most successful of Roosevelts New Deal programs, the CCC planted more than three read more, In the early 20th century, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation devised plans for a massive dam on the Arizona-Nevada border to tame the Colorado River and provide water and hydroelectric power for the developing Southwest. Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. Men, women, and children living in Hooverville either relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had permanent housing during the era. In the summer of 1931 a group of Seattle residents organized to establish self-help enterprises and demand that government officials create jobs and increase relief assistance to unemployed. The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. WW1 veterans formed what was called the Bonus Army and 40,000 people descended on Washington D.C. and set up makeshift camps on areas such as the Anacostia Flats. Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was a common sight before 1929. "; "Hoovervilles" were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. Browse hooverville resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? Hoovervilles primarily popped up on the outskirts of major cities. Hundreds of Hooverville settlements were built across the United States, but some stood out. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. The term itself was first used in 1930 by Charles Michelson, the Publicity Chief of the Democratic National Committee when he published an article in the New York Times referring to a homeless camp in Chicago, Illinois, as Hooverville. Before long, the term was in common use. This pattern became associated with Oklahoma because that state provided a plurality of migrants from 1935 to 1940, the peak of the phenomenon. St. Louis Hooverville, built in 1930, had its own unofficial mayor, churches and social institutions. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. Politicians continued drinking as everyday people were slapped with charges. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. As the Depression deepened, the sheer number of homeless people became overwhelming. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. "; Two young residents at a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. It was a highly diverse population. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. Source for information on Okies: Encyclopedia of the Great Depression dictionary. A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Donald Francis Roy, a resident of Seattles Hooverville, recorded 639 residents, only 7 of whom were women. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific . Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover sent in U.S. Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur to evict the Bonus Army. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. [3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. Those who did were chronically underpaid. During the fall and winter of 1931 and 1932, unemployed workers established Seattle's "Hooverville," a shantytown named in sarcastic honor of U.S. President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), on whose beat the Great Depression began. Small camps and sites in towns sprang up in any available space. Some people . The numbers, as mind-boggling as they are, tend not to reflect the actual state of suffering caused by the greatest economic catastrophe in U.S. history. The Great Depression (1929-1940): Tutoring Solution, Franklin D. 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The peak of the Great Depression was from 1932 to 1933. Many other names were coined by Democrats based on his opinion, including Hoover blanket, flag, leather, and wagon. By the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, enough Americans were working again that virtually all the encampments had vanished. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. Donald Roy created this map of Seattle's Hooverville. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? "; Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. The large camps were set up on the worst type of unused or public land often on the outskirts of towns and cities. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. Sign Me Up, Editing resources is available exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members.To edit this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start editing! During WWI, this area belonged to the Port of Seattle but was occupied by the Skinner and Eddy shipyard. Public dissatisfaction with Hoover soon all but eliminated his chances of being reelected, and on November 8, 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in a landslide. Along with Hoovervilles, other derogatory terms aimed at President Hoovers continued refusal to initiate welfare programs became common in both the homeless camps and newspapers. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). In 1933, it was 25%, with 1 out of every 4 people out of work. They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. Did you know? In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. Not ready to purchase a subscription? It was named after Herbert Hoover, an American politician who was the president during the first years of the Great Depression. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. "; Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page. Most shanties, however, were distinctly less ambitious: Cardboard-box homes did not last long, and most dwellings were in a constant state of being rebuilt. [4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. Nearly 29 percent of the population was non-white. City officials alternately tolerated and tried to eradicate the shack town. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, writer John Steinbeck, vividly described his hardships as a young farmworker in the Weedpatch Hooverville near Bakersfield, California. By 1932, Herbert Hoovers last full year in office, the U.S. unemployment rate had soared to 25%, with more than 15 million people without jobs or homes. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it. Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. On two occasions, the Seattle Health Department ordered the residents to leave and burned their shanties when they refused. However, some countries retaliated by raising their tariffs, and international trade was hampered. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. Ultimately, they were a bitterly ironic symbol of the suffering inherent in the worst economic crisis in U.S. History. He was proud of the self-built community, saying "Hooverville is the abode of the forgotten man." To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. "; By 1932 millions of Americans were living outside the normal rent-paying housing market. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. Facts About Hoovervilles The term Hooverville came from the blame on President Herbert Hoover for the intolerable economic and social conditions. months[0] = "Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near rivers for the convenience of a water source. Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. In April, residents of the main Hooverville were given notice to leave by May 1. Roy noted that the only Filipinos and Mexican men were segregated, generally due to language rather than racial discrimination. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." As America's housing and economic crisis worsened through 2009, homelessness was on the rise. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. 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