The official statistics of blacks killed in action are inaccurate. Tau was the name of the last ruler of the Rolong in South Africa (18th century). Abebe (Amharic origin) meaning "flower". It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar, meaning "red danger" or the threat of communism. African Last Names Ba Bah Ballo Cisse Contee Conteh Diallo Fall Kone Mensah Ndiaye Nwosu Okafor Okeke Okoro Osei Owusu Sall Sane Sarr Sesay Sow Sy Toure Traore Turay Yeboah There are 54 countries, between 900 and 1,500 languages, and several thousand ethnic groups in Africa, according to Britannica. Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918", Bill Nasson, "A Great Divide: Popular Responses to the Great War in South Africa,", Russell Ally, "War and goldthe Bank of England, the London gold market and South Africa's gold, 191419,", Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in, Mark Swilling & Mark Phillips, "State power in the 1980s: from total strategy to counter revolutionary warfare", in Jacklyn Cock & Laurie Nathan (eds). [24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. [135], Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.[136]. Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued. 6. Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for South African, Browse profiles of historical people with the South African last name, This page needs Javascript enabled in order to work properly. Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. [204] The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition,[205] with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. Lesotho, South Africa Kolobe Wild Hog Free State Bagananwa/Bahananwa Sesotho sa Leboa: South Africa Tshwene Baboon Bahurutshe, Limpopo Bahlakoana Sesotho Lesotho, South Africa Free State, Koena, families descending from Disema and Molapo, second and third born sons of Napo a Koena. About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.[81][82]. "[201], The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an "Africanist" faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa. Lennet South African Letesha South African Louw Afrikaans Louw is a surname that has pre 7th century Germanic origins. From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. -- 262 p. CS3080.S6 R6 Bibliography: p. 261-262. It comes from the word Latin "praetor" and it's very common in South Africa. [186] On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. Afumba Abeba The assistance that South Africa gave the British Empire was significant. It's pronounced Col-u-WHA. Britain's eventual defeat of the Zulus, marking the end of the Zulu nation's independence, was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. Luter South African. The uprising spread throughout the country. It is among the most common African last names. Find your family's origin in the United States, average life expectancy, most common occupation, and more. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. [199] From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. [220][221], The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s, when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. [67] Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. [154], The segregationist policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the period of Dutch rule in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the British colonial era, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated Union of South Africa. Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, and Anglo Platinum, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid. The VOC, one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East, had no intention of colonizing the area, instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could be serviced and restock on supplies. In 1895, a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes' Rhodesian-based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory. [190] However, the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage, largely due to an international arms embargo against the country. After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage site. John Murray. [62], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing, which in Portuguese means Christmas. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. 3. In 1836, when Boer Voortrekkers (pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. [19] Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago. Between 19601994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African Police 2,700, and the ANC about 1,300. [163], In the mid-1980s, police and army death squads conducted state-sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists. [7] The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region, propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian-based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure. Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Snyman Afrikaans Afrikaans version of the German surname Schneider, which is German for tailor. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928, and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new, post-apartheid democratic society. Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. [166] At the same time, State-sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. [98], By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95% of the world's diamonds. Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep-level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world's gold, with the "instant city" of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History.". Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. Sotho-speakers know this period as the difaqane ("forced migration"); Zulu-speakers call it the mfecane ("crushing"). du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. [86] In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories. It was brought to South Africa in 1678 by Frederich Botha. Mafanela South African. Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the League of Nations, the UN would have teeth. Mannan: Mannan is a Hindu surname meaning 'king' in Tamil. A Adriaanse Alberts (name) B Badenhorst Bakkes Bekker Blaauw Blignault Blignaut Booi Booysen Boshoff Bosman Botha Breytenbach Burger (surname) Buys C Cilliers Cloete (surname) Coetzee Cronje Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2010). The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated. FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. The Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488, while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East via the southernmost cape of South Africa, which he named Cabo das Tormentas, meaning Cape of Storms. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.[115]. Meanwhile, 34-year-old South African pacer Shabnim Ismail not only took three wickets but also registered her name in record books by bowling the fastest ball in women's cricket. After 1806, a number of Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland, first in small groups. 3. [211] As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the armed struggle, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the international community, and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world, State President F. W. de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. [168], The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) would later establish that a covert, informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives, frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right-wing elements, was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations, including random and targeted killings. [100] Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872, since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self-governing in similar fashion to the federation of Canada, New Zealand and some of the Australian states. [138] By August 1945, South African Air Force aircraft in conjunction with British and Dutch aircraft stationed in South Africa had intercepted 17 enemy ships, assisted in the rescue of 437 survivors of sunken ships, attacked 26 of the 36 enemy submarines operating the vicinity of the South African coast, and flown 15,000 coastal patrol sorties. [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. [235] Other corruption related scandals to emerge during this period included the collapse of VBS Mutual Bank[236] and Bosasa. APLA denied the attacks were racist in character, claiming that the attacks were directed against the apartheid government as all whites, according to the PAC, were complicit in the policy of apartheid. [200] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. 37. In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. [108], Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. Abara: Originating from the Igbo group of West Africa, Abara means 'spirit'. The Great Trek. [31], In 1787, shortly before the French Revolution, a faction within the politics of the Dutch Republic known as the Patriot Party attempted to overthrow the regime of stadtholder William V. Though the revolt was crushed, it was resurrected after the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1794/1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country. 1709 by Zulu kaNtombela. 27. Colonel Jan Breytenbach, the South African parachute battalion commander, claimed it was "recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. [41] Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand. Nearly 9,000 were killed in action. Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was introduced . [8] The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan (Khoi and San). 128 km per hour in the match against England at Cape Town. Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. Get in touch! [28] The VOC also brought some 71,000 slaves to Cape Town from India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, and Madagascar.[29]. The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 26 April 1994. [94] Cape Colony Governor Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate, Lieutenant-Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate. [117], The cause of the AngloBoer wars has been attributed to a contest over which nation would control and benefit most from the Witwatersrand gold mines. The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision-making at every level, from the Cabinet down to local government. Freeman can also be an African American or Jewish name. Portrayals of indenture in recent South African writing", "Indianness Reconfigured, 1944-1960: The Natal Indian Congress in South Africa - The O'Malley Archives", "Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D", "Eastern Cape Wars of Dispossession 1779-1878 | South African History Online", "Jacob Zuma a spawn of collaborators trying to right old wrongs", "Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century | Britannica", "Black involvement in the AngloBoer War, 18991902", "Partner in the Struggle against Apartheid", "Volume Five Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report", "Institute of Security Studies, Monograph No.81", Political pardons would damage the legacy of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the siege was broken and the Voortrekkers retreated. [113] Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult, even with an offer of improved wages. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant F G Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal, which would later become the port of Durban, so named after Benjamin D'Urban, a governor of the Cape Colony. [191] South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola, Cuba and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966. Smith's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats, where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles. It was an independent and internationally recognised nation-state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand. Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds. By 1952, the brief flame of mass-based white radicalism was extinguished, when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. [97] No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. "Neoliberalism and resistance in South Africa", "How the ANC's Faustian pact sold out South Africa's poorest", "White South Africans are leaving the country in their thousands: Stats SA", "More black than white South Africans leaving the country", "More skilled black professionals are leaving South Africa", "Rabbi Goldstein, as part of NIFC-SA, reaches out to Lonmin victims", "Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep", "BETRAYAL OF THE PROMISE: HOW SOUTH AFRICA IS BEING STOLEN", "The political economy of corruption: elite-formation,factions and violence", "South Africa's Scandal-Hit State Firms Put Economy on 'Cliff's Edge', "South Africa's economic growth affected by mismatch of electricity supply and demand", "ENERGY EQUITY OP-ED: Universal access to electricity is a necessary prerequisite to ending poverty itself", "How the ANC government broke Eskom 2008 versus 2018", "South Africa: How Jacob Zuma helped destroy Eskom", 2011 UNHCR country operations profile South Africa, "S Africa violence spreads after Jacob Zuma jailed", "Deaths climb to 72 in South Africa riots after Zuma jailed", "South Africa deploys military as protests turn violent in wake of Jacob Zuma's jailing", "LIVE UPDATES: Looting and violence in Gauteng and KZN", "Mapisa-Nqakula: We have deployed 25 000 soldiers", "Flare-up in taxi war sparks looting alarm in Cape Town city centre", "Cyber attacks expose the vulnerability of South Africa's ports", "Call to 'connect dots between insurrection modus operandi and crippling Transnet cyber attack', "Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards", Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Dr Cyril Hromnk on research into ancient history of Africa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa&oldid=1141882968. Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves. These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. [22] Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the Congo basin as early as the 4th century BC. Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid, an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", was implemented in 1948. Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed. As societies became more complex or were colonised by more complex societies these distinguishing names became fixed and were passed on to the next generation. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestorssome three million years or moreand include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of life, and the construction of large urban centres. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. . `` was adopted on 26 April 1994 segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid, an word. Surname that has pre 7th century Germanic origins social policies Charles Rudd followed, with gold... The Battle of Blood River. [ 115 ] pre 7th century Germanic origins the next general election to the! South Africa gave the name of the Rolong in South Africa gave the British Empire, their... 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