This has led to major pollution and overfishing. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. This . Lake Niassa is located in Mozambique and shares borders with Malawi and Tanzania. [25][26], According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where anatomically modern humans first appeared. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, where large areas reach elevations of 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres). For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. 2010-10-06 07:36:31. They dubbed the part of the coast to which they sailed Azania, or the Land of Zanjby which they meant the land of the blacks and by which they knew it until the 10th century. editors@africageographic.com The Atlantic is, generally speaking, S-shaped and narrow in relation . The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. WWF strives to ensure that local people benefit from economic opportunities that come with new tourism enterprises. This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. This includes some of the biggest animals in the sea: whale sharks, giant manta rays, humpback whales, dolphins, tiger sharks, and all the colors and wonder of tropical fish and coral reefs. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. Just as there are major conservation issues for the animals on the continent of Africa such as poaching, habitat destruction, and other threats, there are many issues and concerns for the East African marine ecosystems and animals. 82 Likes, 0 Comments - skhathisomusa dumani mthembu (@skhathisomusa) on Instagram: "African East coast | tropics #eastafrica #mombasa #coast #ocean #tropicalparadise #beach #film" All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. Coastal storms bring stronger winds creating greater wave damage along shorelines. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. East African Islands Type: territory Description: Islands in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. During the period of the Scramble for Africa, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire. It consists of 18 countries and 2 dependencies. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. The first identifiable building sites are dated from this time, and, according to Arab geographers, the East African coast was then generally thought of as being divided into four: (1) Berber (Amazigh) lands, which ran down the Somalian coast to the Shabeelle River, (2) Zanj proper, (3) the land of Sofala in present-day Mozambique, whence gold was beginning to be shipped by about the 10th century, and (4) a vaguely described land of Waq waq, beyond. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern . Popular Destinations Tanzania Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. The scene was of a huge congregation which consisted of a densely stacked (but spread out) base. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. Eastern Africa is populated by 160 different ethnic groups or more, depending on the method of counting. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. Wildlife crime networks are using more sophisticated weapons and techniques to obtain ivory, such as automatic rifles and helicopters. Increased numbers of fish in the sanctuary areas benefit local fishermen who catch more fish in the surrounding areas, and have fueled a profitable tourism industry. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. NEW YORK -- News that Tanzania will revive a $10 billion port project in the town of Bagamoyo has ignited speculation that . Women gathering sand oysters in Mozambique. 7 Days in Entebbe, The Last King of Scotland, Out of Africa, Queen of Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, The Good Lie, and Captain Phillips are a few of the critically acclaimed movies. During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. The Agulhas Current flows from northeast to southwest, almost hugging the east coast of South Africa, and transports warm water from the Indian down into the Southern Ocean. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Although no houses were being built of coral, stone mosques were being constructed. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. Sunday 6 October 2002. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. There is little information concerning the period until the 8th century. In Tanzania, WWF works with partners to help improve lives and protect wildlife through the creation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)communal lands where local communities participate in the management of wildlife and resources. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa roam across this region in search of food and freshwater. The coastline of South Africa, stretching 1,740 miles (2,800 kilometers) From Mozambique to Namibia, is presided over by two great oceanic systems: a powerful current on one side of the continent . [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. However, politics have been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d'tat in 1982 and the 2007 election riots. As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. Chami, Felix A. Overfishingfor local consumption and export to commercial marketsposes a major threat to the region. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. WWF works with government and communities to develop land use plans that allow wildlife movement and human use to coexist. Joint operations have also improved the collaboration among different law enforcement institutions. The coast of East Africa provides many excellent natural harbours formed by submerged former river estuaries. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. It is narrow (approx. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. 1250 24th Street, N.W. Local merchants gathered ivory from the south, gold from the western interior and frankincense and myrrh from northern Africa. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. The team of the East African Marine Transect is on a journey to explore the coral reefs of East Africa and get an understanding of their current health and status. Go next. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. Manda had close trading connections with the Persian Gulfwith Srf in particular. The Southern African coast line is 5500 km long and extends from Angola (Cunene River mouth)in the west to the Zambezi delta in the east, the border of Tanzania. The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Runion and the Comoros. 352-55), which traded East African products to India, the Far East, and the West. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . Miller, J. Innes. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. Ancient Africa's east coast was home to trading cities, a region that subsists primarily on international import and export. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. Djibouti, as well as the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability. [70] In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. A Ugandan lawmaker on Tuesday introduced draft legislation that he said seeks to prohibit homosexuality in the East African country, voicing widespread anti-gay sentiment that has peaked in recent days, A Paris court is set to rule on a case pitting French and Ugandan environmentalist groups against oil giant TotalEnergies regarding a major oil field and pipeline projects in east Africa, U.S. first lady Jill Biden has gotten an up-close look at the historic East Africa drought, A judge in Kenya has ruled that Facebooks parent company, Meta, can be sued in the East African country. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. South of Sarapion, Nikon, the Pyralaae Islands, and the island of Diorux (about whose precise location only speculation seems possible), the chief town was Rhapta, which may lie buried in the Rufiji delta of present-day Tanzania. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). This photo depicts a portion of the base of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish. ~ Geo Cloete, ? WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. Corrections? With maximum velocities of around 8.5 km/h, it is one of the fastest and strongest flowing currents in the world. The school of fish represents the ozone, and the reef below is Earth. . 12. Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. 110. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. Each year, tons of flip. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. Drink. Birth of undersea volcano off the east coast of Africa recorded in great detail. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Copy. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. They sailed there with the northeast monsoon, returning home in the summer with the southwest. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations", "Climate risk report for the East Africa region - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb", "7 Days in Entebbe and 13 Other Movies Set In East Africa", "World Population Prospects Population Division United Nations", "IFs Forecast Version 7.00 Google Public Data Explorer", Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey, "Economic Recovery and the Role of the State", "Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time", "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", List of countries where Arabic is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&oldid=1142278246, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:36. WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.[67]. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. The Swahili term "dhow" encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from coastal fishing boats to ocean-going vessels. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. & quot ; encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea the... It is one of the area from ancient times through the 20th century provide with. Barrier reefs in the Zanzibar archipelago being built of coral, stone mosques were being built of,., Kisukuma, Luganda and many others oceans every year it circumnavigates Antarctica coastal fishing boats to vessels... And shares borders with Malawi and Tanzania latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica d'tat in 1982 and West... 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